Biology:Cherry blossom

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Short description: Blossom of the cherry tree
Prunus speciosa (Oshima cherry). The characteristics of the species gave rise to many cultivars.[1][2]
Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan' or 'Sekiyama'. It is one of the most popular cherry tree cultivars in Europe and North America. One of the cultivars selected for the British Award of Garden Merit.[3]
Cherry blossoms at Sugimura Park, Hashimoto
Yachounomori Garden, Tatebayashi, Gunma, Japan
Cherry blossoms in Seattle
Cherry blossoms in Seattle

The cherry blossom, or sakura, is the flower of trees in the genus Prunus or subgenus Cerasus. "Sakura" usually refers to flowers of ornamental cherry trees, such as cultivars of Prunus serrulata, not trees grown for their fruit[4][5] (although these also have blossoms). Cherry blossoms have been described as having a beautiful smell, and are often the inspiration for candles and incense.

Wild species of cherry tree are widely distributed, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere.[6][7][8] They are common in East Asia, especially in Japan , where they have been cultivated, producing many varieties. The wild Himalayan cherry, Prunus cerasoides, is found in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of China, and is also cultivated.[9][10]

The Japanese word sakura (桜 or 櫻; さくら or サクラ) can mean either the tree or its flowers (see 桜).[11] The cherry blossom is considered the national flower of Japan, and is central to the custom of hanami (flower viewing).[12]

Sakura trees are often called Japanese cherry in English.[13] (This is also a common name for Prunus serrulata.[14]) The cultivation of ornamental cherry trees began to spread in Europe and the United States in the early 20th century, particularly after Japan presented trees to the United States as a token of friendship in 1912.[15] British plant collector Collingwood Ingram conducted important studies of Japanese cherry trees after the First World War.[16]

Classification

There is often confusion in the classification of cherry trees, since they are relatively prone to mutation and have diverse flowers and characteristics, and there are many varieties (a sub-classification of species), hybrids between species, and cultivars. Researchers have assigned different scientific names to the same type of cherry tree throughout different periods.[17]

In Europe and North America, ornamental cherry trees are classified under the genus Prunus, which consists of about 400 species. In the mainstream classification in Japan, China, and Russia, however, they are classified under Cerasus, which consists of about 100 species separated from Prunus. The subgenus Cerasus omits Prunus salicina, Prunus persica (Peach), Prunus mume, and Prunus grayana, amongst others. In Japan, ornamental cherry trees were traditionally classified in the genus Prunus, as in Europe and the North America, but after a 1992 paper by Hideaki Ohba of the University of Tokyo, classification in the genus Cerasus became more common.[4][18][7]

In mainland China, there has been a culture of plum blossoms viewing since ancient times, and although there were many wild species of cherry trees, most of them had small flowers, and the distribution area of wild cherry trees with large flowers suitable for cherry blossom viewing was often limited to a small area.[19] In Europe and North America, there were few cherry species with characteristics suitable for cherry blossom viewing.[18] In Japan, on the other hand, the Prunus speciosa (Oshima cherry) and Prunus jamasakura (ja), which have large flowers suitable for cherry blossom viewing and tend to grow into large trees, were distributed over a fairly large area of the country and were close to people's living areas. The development of cherry blossom viewing, and the production of cultivars, is therefore considered to have taken place primarily in Japan.[19]

Because cherry trees have mutable traits, many cultivars have been created for cherry blossom viewing, especially in Japan. Since the Heian period, the Japanese have produced cultivars by selecting superior or mutant trees from among the natural crossings of wild cherry trees. They were also produced by crossing trees artificially and then breeding them by grafting and cutting. Oshima, Yamazakura, Prunus pendula f. ascendens (syn, Prunus itosakura, Edo higan), and other varieties which grow naturally in Japan, mutate easily. The Oshima cherry, which is an endemic species in Japan, tends to mutate into a double-flowered tree, grows quickly, has many large flowers, and has a strong fragrance. Due to these favorable characteristics, the Oshima cherry has been used as a base for many Sakura cultivars (called the Sato-zakura Group). Two such cultivars are the Yoshino cherry and Kanzan; Yoshino cherries are actively planted in Asian countries, and Kanzan is actively planted in Western countries.[20][1][2][3]

Blooming season

Yoshino cherry, a cultivar propagated through grafting, consistently reaches full bloom at the same time if under the same environmental conditions.

Many cherry species and cultivars bloom between March and April in the Northern Hemisphere. Wild cherry trees, even if they are the same species, differ genetically from one individual to another. Even if they are planted in the same area, there is some variation in the time when they reach full bloom. In contrast, cultivars are clones propagated by grafting or cutting, so each tree of the same cultivar planted in the same area will come into full bloom all at once due to their genetic similarity.[21]

Some wild species, such as Edo higan and the cultivars developed from them, are in full bloom before the leaves open. Yoshino cherry became popular for cherry-blossom viewing because of these characteristics of simultaneous flowering and blooming before the leaves open; it also bears many flowers and grows into a large tree. Many cultivars of the Sato-zakura group, which were developed from complex interspecific hybrids based on Oshima cherry, are often used for ornamental purposes. They generally reach full bloom a few days to two weeks after Yoshino cherry does.[22]

The flowering time of cherry trees is thought to be affected by global warming and the heat island effect of urbanization. According to the record of full bloom dates of Prunus jamasakura (ja) in Kyoto, Japan, which has been recorded for about 1200 years, the time of full bloom was relatively stable from 812 to the 1800s. After that, the time of full color rapidly became earlier, and in 2021, the earliest full bloom date in 1200 years was recorded. The average peak bloom day in the 1850s was around April 17, but by the 2020s, it was April 5; the average temperature rose by about 3.4 °C (6.1 °F) during this time. According to the record of full bloom dates of the Yoshino cherry in the Tidal Basin in Washington, D.C., the bloom date was April 5 in 1921, but it was March 31 in 2021. These records are consistent with the history of rapid increases in global mean temperature since the mid-1800s.[23][24]

Japanese cherry trees grown in the Southern Hemisphere will bloom at a different time of the year. For example, in Australia, while the trees in the Cowra Japanese Garden bloom in late September to mid-October, the Sydney cherry blossom festival is in late August.[25][26]

Flower viewing in Japan

Main page: Biology:Hanami
Prunus × yedoensis 'Somei-yoshino' (Yoshino cherry). The most popular cherry tree cultivar in Japan and the Asian region. One of the cultivars selected for the British Award of Garden Merit.
Woodblock print of Mount Fuji and cherry blossom from Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji by Hiroshige

"Hanami" is the many centuries-old practice of holding feasts or parties under blooming sakura (桜 or 櫻; さくら or サクラ) or ume (plum) trees. During the Nara period (710–794), when the custom is said to have begun, it was ume blossoms that people admired. By the Heian period (794–1185), however, cherry blossoms were attracting more attention, and 'hanami' was synonymous with 'sakura'.[27] From then on, in both waka and haiku, "flowers" (花, hana) meant "cherry blossoms". The custom was originally limited to the elite of the Imperial Court but soon spread to samurai society and, by the Edo period, to the common people as well. Tokugawa Yoshimune planted areas of cherry blossom trees to encourage this. Under the sakura trees, people held cheerful feasts where they ate, and drank sake.[28]

Since a book written in the Heian period mentions "weeping cherry" ('しだり櫻, 糸櫻'), one of the cultivars with pendulous branches, Prunus itosakura 'Pendula' (Sidare-zakura) is considered the oldest cultivar in Japan. In the Kamakura period, when the population increased in the southern Kanto region, the Oshima cherry, which originated in Izu Oshima Island, was brought to Honshu and cultivated there; it then made its way to the capital, Kyoto. The Sato-zakura Group first appeared during the Muromachi period.[20]

A tree about 2,000 years old Jindai-zakura (ja)

Prunus itosakura (syn. Prunus subhirtella, Edo higan) is a wild species that grows slowly. However, it has the longest life span among cherry trees and is easy to grow into large trees. For this reason, there are many large, old specimens of this species in Japan. They are often regarded as sacred and have become landmarks that symbolize Shinto shrines, Buddhist temples, and local areas. For example, Jindai-zakura (ja), which is around 2,000 years old, Usuzumi-zakura (ja), which is around 1,500 years old, and Daigo-zakura (ja), which is around 1,000 years old, are famous for their age.[29]

'Kanzan' is a double-flowered cultivar developed in the Edo period. It has 20 to 50 petals in a flower.[30]

In the Edo period, various double-flowered cultivars were produced and planted on the banks of rivers, in Buddhist temples, in Shinto shrines, and in daimyo gardens in urban areas such as Edo; the common people living in urban areas could enjoy them. Books from the period record more than 200 varieties of cherry blossoms and mention many varieties that are currently known, such as 'Kanzan'. However, this situation was limited to urban areas, and the main objects of hanami across the country were still wild species such as Prunus jamasakura (Yamazakura) (ja) and Oshima cherry.[20]

Photo of cherry blossoms

Since Japan was modernized in the Meiji period, the Yoshino cherry has spread throughout Japan, and it has become the main object of hanami.[28] Various other cultivars were cut down one after another during changes related to the rapid modernization of cities, such as the reclamation of waterways and the demolition of daimyo gardens. The gardener Takagi Magoemon and the village mayor of Kohoku Village, Shimizu Kengo, were concerned about this situation and preserved a few by planting a row of cherry trees, of various cultivars, along the Arakawa River bank. In Kyoto, Sano Toemon XIV, a gardener, collected various cultivars and propagated them. After World War II, these cultivars were inherited by the National Institute of Genetics, Tama Forest Science Garden and the Flower Association of Japan, and from the 1960s onwards were again used for hanami.[31]

Every year, the Japanese Meteorological Agency and the public track the sakura zensen ("cherry blossom front") as it moves northward up the archipelago with the approach of warmer weather, via nightly forecasts following the weather segment of news programs.[32] The blossoming begins in Okinawa in January and typically reaches Kyoto and Tokyo at the end of March or the beginning of April. It proceeds northward and into areas of higher altitude, arriving in Hokkaido a few weeks later. The Japanese pay close attention to these forecasts and turn out in large numbers at parks, shrines, and temples, with family and friends, to hold flower-viewing parties.

Most Japanese schools and public buildings have cherry blossom trees planted outside of them. Since the fiscal and school years both begin in April, in many parts of Honshu the first day of work or school coincides with the cherry blossom season. However, while most cherry blossom trees bloom in the spring, there are also lesser-known winter cherry blossoms (fuyuzakura in Japanese) that bloom between October and December.[33]

The Japan Cherry Blossom Association has published a list of Japan's Top 100 Cherry Blossom Spots (日本さくら名所100選 (ja)),[34] with at least one location in every prefecture.

Symbolism in Japan

A 100 yen coin depicting cherry blossom
Cherry blossoms at Himeji Castle, Japan
The Japan national rugby union team is nicknamed the "Brave Blossoms" with the flowers on their chests.

In Japan, cherry blossoms symbolize clouds due to their characteristic of blooming en masse, and are considered an enduring metaphor for the ephemeral nature of life.[35] This traditional symbolism is associated with the influence of Shinto,[36] embodied in the concept of mono no aware.[37] The connection between cherry blossoms and mono no aware dates back to 18th-century scholar Motoori Norinaga.[37] The transience of the blossoms, their beauty, and their volatility have often been associated with mortality[35] and the graceful and ready acceptance of destiny and karma. Cherry blossoms frequently appear in Japanese art, manga, anime, and film, as well as stage set designs for musical performances. There is at least one popular folk song, originally meant for the shakuhachi (bamboo flute), titled "Sakura", in addition to several later pop songs bearing the name. The flower is also used on all manner of historical and contemporary consumer goods, including kimonos,[38] stationery,[39] and dishware.[40]

The Sakurakai, or Cherry Blossom Society, was the name chosen by young officers within the Imperial Japanese Army in September 1930 for their secret society established to reorganize the state along totalitarian militaristic lines, via a military coup d'état if necessary.[41]

During World War II, cherry blossoms were used as a symbol to motivate the Japanese people and stoke nationalism and militarism.[42] Even before the war, they were used in propaganda to inspire the "Japanese spirit", as in the "Song of Young Japan", exulting in "warriors" who were "ready like the myriad cherry blossoms to scatter".[43] In 1932, Akiko Yosano's poetry urged Japanese soldiers to endure suffering in China and compared the dead soldiers to cherry blossoms.[44] Arguments that the plans for the Battle of Leyte Gulf, involving all Japanese ships, would expose Japan to danger if they failed were countered with the plea that the Navy be permitted to "bloom as flowers of death".[45] The last message of the forces on Peleliu was "Sakura, Sakura".[46] Japanese pilots would paint sakura flowers on the sides of their planes before embarking on a suicide mission, or even take branches of the trees with them on their missions.[42] A cherry blossom painted on the side of a bomber symbolized the intensity and ephemerality of life;[47] in this way, falling cherry petals came to represent the sacrifice of youth in suicide missions to honor the emperor.[42][48] The first kamikaze unit had a subunit called Yamazakura, or wild cherry blossom.[48] The Japanese government encouraged the people to believe that the souls of downed warriors were reincarnated in the blossoms.[42]

Cherry blossoms are a prevalent symbol in Irezumi, the traditional art of Japanese tattoos. In this art form, cherry blossoms are often combined with other classic Japanese symbols like koi fish, dragons, or tigers.[49]

The cherry blossom remains symbolic today. It was used for the Tokyo 2020 Paralympics mascot, Someity.[50] It is also a common way to indicate the start of spring, such as in the Animal Crossing series of video games, where many of the game's trees bloom with cherry blossoms.[51]

Cultivars

Prunus itosakura 'Pendula Rosea' (Beni-shidare). A tree over 1000 years old "Miharu Takizakura".
Prunus serrulata 'Chousiuhizakura' (ja). Also known as Kenrokuen-kumagai. Large flowers and red leaves open at the same time. A DNA study in 2013 revealed that two were the same cultivar.[1][2]
Prunus × subhirtella 'Omoigawa' (ja). 'Omoigawa' which was produced in Oyama City in 1954 is known as a cultivar in which 'Jugatsu-zakura' was mutated.[52]

Japan has a wide diversity of cherry trees, including hundreds of cultivars.[53] By one classification method, there are more than 600 cultivars in Japan,[54][55] while the Tokyo Shimbun claims that there are 800.[56] According to the results of DNA analysis of 215 cultivars carried out by Japan's Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute in 2014, many of the cultivars that have spread around the world are hybrids produced by crossing Oshima cherry and Prunus jamasakura (ja) with various wild species.[1][2] Among these cultivars, the Sato-zakura Group and many other cultivars have a large number of petals, and the representative cultivar is Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan'.[57][20]

The following species, hybrids, and varieties are used for Sakura cultivars:[58][59][60][61][62]

Prunus × yedoensis 'Somei-yoshino' (Yoshino cherry)

The most popular cherry blossom cultivar in Japan is Somei Yoshino (Yoshino cherry). Its flowers are nearly pure white, tinged with the palest pink, especially near the stem. They bloom and usually fall within a week before the leaves come out. Therefore, the trees look nearly white from top to bottom. The cultivar takes its name from the village of Somei, which is now part of Toshima in Tokyo. It was developed in the mid- to late-19th century, at the end of the Edo period and the beginning of the Meiji period. The Somei Yoshino is so widely associated with cherry blossoms that jidaigeki and other works of fiction often show the trees being cultivated in the Edo period or earlier, although such depictions are anachronisms.[65]

Prunus × kanzakura 'Kawazu-zakura' (Kawazu cherry), a representative cultivar of the cold season that blooms from late February to early March in Japan

Prunus × kanzakura 'Kawazu-zakura' is a representative cultivar that blooms before the arrival of spring. It is a natural hybrid between the Oshima cherry and Prunus campanulata and is characterized by deep pink petals. Wild cherry trees usually do not bloom in cold seasons because they cannot produce offspring if they bloom before spring, when pollinating insects become active. However, it is thought that 'Kawazu-zakura' blooms earlier because Prunus campanulata from Okinawa, which did not originally grow naturally in Honshu, was crossed with the Oshima cherry. In wild species, flowering before spring is a disadvantageous feature of selection; in cultivars such as 'Kawazu-zakura', early flowering and flower characteristics are preferred, and they are propagated by grafting.[66]

Cherry trees are generally classified by species and cultivar, but in Japan they are also classified using names based on the characteristics of the flowers and trees. Cherry trees with more petals than the ordinary five are classified as yae-zakura (double-flowered sakura), and those with drooping branches are classified as shidare-zakura, or weeping cherry. Most yae-zakura and shidare-zakura are cultivars. Famous shidare-zakura cultivars include 'Shidare-zakura', 'Beni-shidare', and 'Yae-beni-shidare', all derived from the wild species Prunus itosakura (syn, Prunus subhirtella or Edo higan).[67]

The color of cherry blossoms is generally a gradation between white and red, but there are cultivars with unusual colors such as yellow and green. The representative cultivars of these colors are Prunus serrulata 'Grandiflora' A. Wagner (Ukon) and Prunus serrulata 'Gioiko' Koidz (Gyoiko), which were developed in the Edo period of Japan.[68]

In 2007, Riken produced a new cultivar named 'Nishina zao' by irradiating cherry trees with a heavy-ion beam. This cultivar is a mutation of the green-petaled Prunus serrulata 'Gioiko' (Gyoiko); it is characterized by its pale yellow-green-white flowers when it blooms and pale yellow-pink flowers when they fall. Riken produced the cultivars 'Nishina otome' (blooms in both spring and autumn, or year-round in a greenhouse), 'Nishina haruka' (larger flowers), and 'Nishina komachi' ('lantern-like' flowers that remain partially closed) in the same way.[69][70]

  • Prunus itosakura 'Plena Rosea' (Yae-beni-shidare) is a cultivar having characteristics of both yae-zakura and shidare-zakura.

  • Prunus serrulata 'Grandiflora' A. Wagner (Ukon) with rare yellow flowers developed in the Edo period of Japan. One of the cultivars selected for the British Award of Garden Merit.

  • Prunus serrulata 'Gioiko' Koidz (Gyoiko) with rare green flowers developed in the Edo period of Japan.

  • Prunus × sieboldii 'Beni-yutaka'. One of the cultivars selected for the British Award of Garden Merit.

All wild cherry trees produce small, unpalatable fruit or edible cherries, however in some cultivars the pistil changes like a leaf and loses its fertility. For example, Prunus serrulata 'Hisakura' (Ichiyo) and Prunus serrulata 'Albo-rosea' Makino (Fugenzo), which originated from the Oshima cherry, can only be propagated by artificial methods such as grafting and cutting.[71] Cherry trees grown for their fruit are generally cultivars of the related species Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus.

By country and region

Australia

Panoramic view from the Symbolic Mountain at the Japanese gardens. The view takes in the gardens and the plains of the Cowra district across to the nearby mountains.

During World War II, a prisoner of war (POW) camp near the town of Cowra in New South Wales, Australia, was the site of one of the largest prison escapes of the war, on 5 August 1944. During the Cowra breakout and the subsequent rounding up of POWs, four Australian soldiers and 231 Japanese soldiers died and 108 prisoners were wounded. The Japanese War Cemetery holding the dead from the breakout was tended after the war by members of the Cowra RSL and ceded to Japan in 1963. In 1971 the Cowra Tourism Development decided to celebrate this link to Japan and proposed a Japanese garden for the town. The Japanese government agreed to support this development as a sign of thanks for the respectful treatment of their war dead; the development also received funding from the Australian government and private entities.[72]

The garden was designed by Ken Nakajima (1914–2000), a world-renowned designer of Japanese gardens at the time. The first stage was opened in 1979, and the second stage in 1986. The gardens were designed in the style of the Edo period and are a kaiyū-shiki or strolling garden.[73] They are designed to show all of the landscape types of Japan. At five hectares (12 acres), the Cowra Japanese Garden is the largest Japanese garden in the Southern Hemisphere. An annual cherry blossom festival during September is now a major event in Cowra's tourism calendar.[74]

Brazil

Cherry blossom in Praça do Japão (Japan Square), Curitiba, Brazil

With the Japanese diaspora to Brazil, many immigrants brought seedlings of cherry trees. In São Paulo State, home to the largest Japanese community outside Japan, it is common to find them in Japan-related facilities and in home gardens, usually the cultivars Prunus serrulata 'Yukiwari' and Prunus serrulata var. lannesiana 'Himalaya'. Some cities, such as Garça[75] and Campos do Jordão,[76] have annual festivals to celebrate the blooming of the trees and Japanese culture. In Parana State (in southern Brazil), cities also received many of these immigrants, who planted trees in Apucarana,[77] Maringá, and Cascavel,[78] and especially in the capital city of Curitiba.[79]

In the Curitiba, the first seedlings were brought by Japanese immigrants in the first half of the 20th century, and large numbers were planted in the 1990s with the opening of the Botanical Garden of Curitiba.[79] Nowadays, seedlings are produced locally and used in afforestation of streets and squares.[80] In Praça do Japão (Japan Square) there are more than 30 cherry trees that were sent by the Japanese Empire to Curitiba.[81]

Canada

Cherry blossoms in Canada, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario

Vancouver , British Columbia, is famous for its thousands of cherry trees (estimated 50,000) lining many streets and in many parks, including Queen Elizabeth Park and Stanley Park. Vancouver holds the Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival every year.[82] With multiple varieties and a temperate climate, they begin to bloom in February yearly and peak in April. In 2022, this outdoor festival of arts and culture from many communities ran from April 1st to 23rd.

Cherry blossoms mark the beginning of Spring in Vancouver .

High Park in Toronto, Ontario, features many Somei-Yoshino cherry trees (the earliest species to bloom and much loved by the Japanese for their fluffy white flowers) that were given to Toronto by Japan in 1959. Through the Sakura Project, the Japanese Consulate donated a further 34 cherry trees to High Park in 2001, plus cherry trees to various other locations like Exhibition Place, McMaster University, York University (near Calumet College and on Ottawa Road near McLaughlin College) and the University of Toronto's main campus (next to Robarts Library) and Scarborough campus. Niagara Falls has many trees near the falls themselves. Royal Botanical Gardens in Burlington and Hamilton was also the recipient of several Somei-Yoshino cherry trees donated as part of the Sakura Project. The trees are located in the Arboretum and the Rock Garden and were planted to celebrate the continual strengthening of friendship between Japan and Canada. Peak bloom time at the Royal Botanical Gardens is normally around the last week of April or the first week of May.

China

Longwangtang Cherry Blossom Park in Liaoning, China

Cherry trees grow naturally in the middle northern and southern parts of China, where they are known as yinghua (櫻花) in Chinese. During the Tang Dynasty, Japan diplomatic groups brought the cherry blossom back to Japan from China.

However, some of the most famous cherry blossom parks in China reflect Japan's brief occupation of parts of China during the first half of the 20th century or donations from Japan: a notable example is Qinglong Temple in Xi’an. Cherry Blossom orchards were brought in by the Japanese monk Kūkai in 806CE as a gift to commemorate his time as a student at the temple.[83]

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, twenty-eight cherry blossom trees were planted at Wuhan University by Japanese troops. After the war it was decided that the trees would be preserved despite their historical implications. In 1972, as China-Japan relations normalized, about 800 trees were donated to Wuhan University. Other donations added to their numbers in the following years. Currently, Wuhan University has about one thousand cherry blossom trees of different kinds. 80% of these cherry trees are direct descendants of trees planted by the Japanese. In 2020, when cherry blossom viewing became impossible due to the spread of COVID-19, updates on the flowering of cherry trees at Wuhan University were posted on the Web and viewed a total of 750 million times.[84][85]

Gifts of cherry blossoms trees have also signified friendship between China and Japan. In 1973, the year following the Japan–China Joint Communiqué, Japan sent cherry trees to China as a symbol of friendship, and they were planted in Yuyuantan Park in Beijing. After that, further trees were propagated and planted, and the park became famous for cherry blossoms.[86][87]

In 1997, the Japanese Michinoku Bank and arborist Kazio Saito planned to open a cherry blossom park in Wuhan City for the sake of the friendship between the two countries, and the Japanese city of Hirosaki, home to Hirosaki Park famous for its cherry blossoms, began to advise Wuhan City on the planting and cultivation of cherry trees. In 2016 Wuhan City and Hirosaki City signed a friendship agreement. East Lake Cherry Blossom Park opened in 2001, and 2.5 million people came to see the blossoms in 2018. There are sixty kinds of cherry trees, including Yoshino cherry and weeping cherry.[88][89]

International Cherry Blossom Week in Wuxi began in the 1980s, when Keishiro Sakamoto and Kiyomi Hasegawa, Japanese citizens, planted 1,500 cherry trees in the China-Japan Friendship Cherry Blossom Forest. As of 2019, the Friendship Cherry Blossom Forest attracts 500,000 viewers each year, and is home to 100 kinds of cherry trees.[90]

At the beginning of the 21st century, the popularity of cherry blossoms in China rapidly increased due to an increase in the number of visitors to Japan and the spread of SNS, and many cherry blossom parks have opened throughout China. According to statistics from 2019, the number of cherry blossom-related tourists reached 340 million and the amount spent exceeded 60 billion yuan.[84]

Some notable cherry blossom sites in China include:

France

Blooming cherry blossom trees in Parc de Sceaux, France

Parc de Sceaux, located in a suburb of Paris, has two orchards of cherry trees, one for white cherry blossoms (Prunus avium) and one for pink cherry blossoms (Prunus serrulata).[91] The orchards combined make up 264 trees,[92] which attract many visitors when they bloom in early April.[93] Additional plantings are present in the capital along the Seine River, near Notre-Dame de Paris, and in the Bastille area.[94]

Germany

Cherry blossoms on Breite Strasse in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Cherry blossoms are a major tourist attraction in Germany's Altes Land orchard region. The largest Hanami in Germany, organized by the German-Japanese society, with Japanese-style fireworks, draws tens of thousands of spectators to Hamburg every spring.

In 1990, Japan donated cherry blossoms to be planted along prior sections of the Berlin Wall, to express appreciation for the German reunification. The gift was supported by donations from the Japanese people allowing over 9,000 trees to be planted. The first trees were planted in November of that year near the Glienicke Bridge.[95]

The Cherry Blossom festival in the Bonn Altstadt (Kirschblütenfest Bonn (de)) is also very famous.

Starting in 2015, Hamburg was allowed to bestow the title of "Cherry Blossom Queen" by the Japan Cherry Blossom Association, one of only three cities worldwide to receive this privilege. The first Cherry Blossom Queen of Hamburg was crowned by the Cherry Blossom Queen of Japan on 23 May 2015.[96]

India

Prunus cerasoides is a wild Himalayan cherry tree, a common type of cherry blossom in India.

In India , cherry blossoms are a notable attraction in Himalayan states like Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim and northern districts of West Bengal, namely Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling, as well as Nagaland, Manipur and the tropical highlands of Garo Hills and Khasi Hills in Meghalaya, where Prunus cerasoides is native.[97] These states are notable for Prunus cerasoides trees, called wild cherry blossom trees, which cover the Himalayan foothills and bloom twice a year during the spring and autumn months. They can also be seen in various British-era botanical gardens, especially in the Nilgiri Hills in the Western Ghats in southern India.[98][99] The flowers bloom every six months, between January and late March, and between late September and November.[100][101]

Prunus cerasoides, called wild Himalayan cherry, Indian wild cherry, and sour cherry, is known in Hindi as padam, pajja, or padmakashtha.[97][102] Among Hindus in Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, it is considered sacred and associated with Vishnu and Shiva.[103][104] During Maha Shivaratri, the leaves are used to make a wreath with wild citrus fruits, which is hung at the prayer altar. The leaves are also used as incense.[105][106]

Some cherry blossom festivals are held in India during October–November, when Prunus cerasoides blooms.[107] Shillong is notable for its cherry blossom festival during the autumn.[108][109]

Indonesia

In Indonesia, cherry blossoms can be found in the Cibodas Botanical Garden in West Java.[110] These trees are of the Prunus cerasoides species. Cibodas Botanical Garden belongs to the tropical rain forest climate, and the trees begin to flower in January, followed by full flowering in February, and the flowers start to fall in March. The second flowering period begins in June and peaks in August, and the flowers fall in October.[100]

Korea

Cherry blossoms at POSTECH, South Korea
Cherry blossom trees in a Korean campus

Cherry trees have been used in Korea in making bows and woodblocks (Palman Daejanggyeong). According to tradition, monks used wood from silver magnolias, white birches, and cherry trees from the Southern coast of the peninsula for these purposes.[111][112] The Japanese planted Yoshino cherry trees at Seoul's Changgyeonggung Palace during Japanese rule.[113] Cherry blossom viewing festivals continued in Korea even after the Japanese surrendered at the end of WWII, but they have been controversial, and many cherry trees were cut down to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the Japanese surrender, as they were seen as symbols of the occupation.[114][115] Even still, Koreans continue to plant cherry trees and festivals attract a wide range of tourists,[116] and cherry blossoms in Korea are associated with purity and beauty.[117]

Many Korean media have asserted that the Yoshino cherry is the same species as a Korean indigenous, endangered species called the King cherry, whose mass cultivation is being studied.[118][119][120] In 2007, a genetic analysis comparing King cherry and Yoshino cherry trees concluded that the trees are distinct species.[121] In 2016, another DNA study suggested independent origins of the King cherry and Yoshino cherry,[122] and later that year the new scientific name Cerasus × nudiflora was given to the King cherry to distinguish it from the Yoshino cherry (Prunus × yedoensis).[123][124]

In Korea, most of the sites for cherry blossom festivals, including Yeouido and Jinhae, are still planted with Yoshino cherry trees.[125][126][127] According to the results of a survey published in 2022, most of the cherry trees planted in the National Assembly area and Yeouido, two of the capital's most famous cherry blossom viewing spots, were Japanese Yoshino cherry trees, including 90.4% of the cherry trees in the National Assembly area and 96.4% in Yeouido, and none were Korean King cherry trees.[128][129] Based on the results of this survey, King Cherry Project 2050, an incorporated association, plans to gradually replace Yoshino cherry trees with King cherry by around 2050.[130] In addition, more than 90% of the cherry trees in Jinhae, famous for its cherry blossom festival, are Yoshino cherry trees, imported from Japan in the 1960s, and many others have been found to be Japanese weeping cherry trees. It has been suggested that these also be replaced with the King cherry.[131][132]

Myanmar

Cherry blossoms are found in the temperate regions of Myanmar.[133] The town Pyin Oo Lwin, known as "The Land of Cherries", is famous for its cherry blossoms during the spring.[134][135] Some cherry trees, genetically modified to be able to survive in the tropical climate, were also planted in Yangon, the commercial capital, as part of a friendship program with Japan.[136]

Netherlands

Sakura Amsterdamse Bos

In the year 2000, the Japan Women's Club (JWC) donated 400 cherry blossom trees to the city of Amstelveen.[137] The trees have been planted in the cherry blossom park in the Amsterdamse Bos. Every tree has a name — 200 trees have female Japanese names, and 200 trees have female Dutch names. At the annual April event, JWC members wear kimono and celebrate the cherry blossoms in the park.[137]

New Zealand

Cherry blossoms and water wheel in Hagley Park

Hagley Park is the largest urban open space in Christchurch, New Zealand and has many cherry blossom trees of several varieties.[138] Aston Norwood Gardens, north of Wellington, has the largest number of Prunus × yedoensis cherry blossom trees in New Zealand.[139]

Spain

El Cerezo en Flor (es) is a cherry blossom festival that takes place annually in Valle del Jerte, in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura. More than 1500 cherry fruit trees bloom in the valley between approximately March 15 and April 10, starting with trees lower down in the valley. The flowers last about 10 days. During the week when the flowers are in bloom, the eleven villages in the valley celebrate their historical and current culture, gastronomy, and architecture. Traditional homes, forges, and wine cellars open their doors to the public. It has been designated a Fiesta of National Tourist Interest.[140][141]

The village of Alfarnate in Andalusia (near Málaga) is known for its cherry orchards, and holds a cherry festival (Festival de la Cereza) each year in June.[142] The village noticed that people from the Japanese community in Spain were visiting in April to view the cherry blossoms, and in 2022 they decided to hold their first cherry blossom festival. The Sakura Alfernate festival was expanded in 2023, with the backing of the Japanese embassy, to include lectures on sakura and Japanese culture, and workshops and demonstrations of Japanese art, music, and martial arts. The 2023 festival was held on April 15 and 16. Along with its 4000 cherry fruit trees, the village has a garden of 47 cherry blossom trees.[143][144]

Taiwan

Typically found in mountainous areas, cherry blossoms are a popular attraction in Taiwan, with numerous specially tailored viewing tours. Among the most easily accessible and thus most popular locations for viewing them are Yangmingshan, in Taipei, and Wuling Farm, in Taichung.[145]

Thailand

Native wild cherry blossoms of the species Prunus cerasoides are found in Northern Thailand,[146] in addition to growing throughout the Himalayas.[147] Over 100,000 trees of this species were planted in 2010 in Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park,[148] at the mountainous region of Phu Lom Lo, a grassland previously used for farming cabbages.[149]

Turkey

Cherry blossoms in Turkey. (Ankara/Dikmen Vâdisi, Spring 2016)

In 2005, Japanese cherry trees were presented by Japan to the Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanical Garden in Istanbul, Turkey. Each tree represents one sailor of the frigate Ertugrul, a famous frigate of the Ottoman Turkish navy which sank on the way back from a goodwill visit to Japan in 1890 due to a typhoon. 587 Ottoman Turkish sailors were lost, but the Japanese Coast Guard saved 67 sailors, and their return to Turkey formed the foundation for the relationship between the two countries.[150] The Japanese cherry trees represent the memory of those who died and provide annual remembrance.[151]

United Kingdom

From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, Collingwood Ingram collected and studied Japanese cherry blossoms and created various cultivars such as Okame and Kursar. Ingram's work allowed Taihaku (ja), a cultivar that had disappeared in Japan in the early 20th century, to return to Japan.[152][15]

Cherry trees are widely cultivated in public and private gardens throughout the UK, where the climate is well suited to them. Batsford Arboretum in Gloucestershire, England holds the national collection of Japanese village cherries in the Sato-zakura Group.[153] Keele University in Staffordshire, England has one of the UK's largest collections of flowering cherries, with more than 150 varieties.[154] The Royal Horticultural Society has given its prestigious Award of Garden Merit to many flowering cherry species and cultivars.[155]

In March 2020, in the first national lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic in England, the National Trust initiated the #BlossomWatch campaign, inspired by cherry blossom festivals in Japan.[156][157] The campaign encouraged people to share images of the first signs of Spring, in particular blossoms, on lockdown walks.[158] The campaign was repeated in 2021 and 2022.[159][160]

United States

Cherry blossoms in Washington, D.C.

Eliza Ruhamah Scidmore introduced the idea of planting Japanese cherry trees in Washington, D.C., a vision that became a reality in 1912.[161] Japan gave 3,020 flowering cherry trees as a gift to the United States in 1912 to celebrate the growing friendship between the two countries, replacing an earlier gift of 2,000 trees that had to be destroyed due to disease in 1910. These trees were planted in Sakura Park in New York City , and lined the shore of the Tidal Basin and the roadway in East Potomac Park in Washington, D.C.[162] The first two original trees were planted by the first lady Helen Taft and Viscountess Chinda on the bank of the Tidal Basin. The gift was renewed with another 3,800 trees in 1965.[163] In Washington, D.C. the cherry blossom trees continue to be a popular tourist attraction (and the subject of the annual National Cherry Blossom Festival) when they reach full bloom in early spring.[164] Just outside of Washington, the suburb of Kenwood in Bethesda, Maryland, has roughly 1,200 trees, which are popular with locals and tourists.[165]

New Jersey's Branch Brook Park, which is maintained by Essex County, is the oldest county park in the United States and is home to the largest collection of cherry blossom trees in one US location, with about 5,000.[166][167][168]

Balboa Park in San Diego has 1,000 cherry blossom trees that blossom in mid- to late March. In Los Angeles, over 2,000 trees are located at Lake Balboa in Van Nuys. These trees were donated by a Japanese benefactor, and were planted in 1992; however, the trees in this area have been dying off due to drought conditions.[169][170]

Philadelphia is home to over 2,000 flowering Japanese cherry trees, half of which were a gift from the Japanese government in 1926 in honor of the 150th anniversary of American independence, with the other half planted by the Japan America Society of Greater Philadelphia between 1998 and 2007. Philadelphia's cherry blossoms are located within Fairmount Park, and the annual Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia celebrates the blooming trees. The University of Washington in Seattle also has cherry blossoms in its quadrangle.[171]

The Japanese American Historical Plaza located in Tom McCall Waterfront Park in Portland, Oregon has one hundred cherry blossoms in the park, which were planted during the construction of the park in 1990.[172]

Other US cities have an annual cherry blossom festival (or sakura matsuri), including the International Cherry Blossom Festival in Macon, Georgia, which features over 300,000 cherry trees. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden in New York City also has a large, well-attended festival.[173] Portsmouth, New Hampshire is the site of the peace conference that produced the Treaty of Portsmouth, for which the original Washington, D.C. cherry trees were given in thanks.[163] Several cherry trees planted on the bank of the tidal pond next to Portsmouth City Hall were the gift of Portsmouth's Japanese sister city of Nichinan—the hometown of Marquis Komura Jutarō, Japan's representative at the conference.[174] Ohio University in Athens, Ohio, has 200 somei yoshino trees, a gift from its sister institution, Japan's Chubu University.[175]

  • Cherry blossoms bloom by the thousands every spring in Washington, D.C.

  • Cherry blossoms in Newark, New Jersey

  • Cherry blossoms in Owensboro, Kentucky

Vietnam

In Vietnam, cherry blossoms are scarce, concentrated mainly in the northern mountainous provinces and the Central Highlands. These trees are mainly of the kanhizakura variety. In Da Lat, there is a type of cherry blossom belonging to the kanhizakura x okamezakura variety, scientifically named prunus cerasoides, commonly known as mai anh dao, wild mai, or cherry blossom. In 2013, the Japanese government gifted Vietnam a number of cherry blossom trees to commemorate the cooperative relationship between the two countries.[176] These cherry trees from Japan were planted at the Japanese Embassy on Lieu Giai Street, Hanoi, and in Sapa. In 2019, some cherry trees gifted by Japan bloomed in Hanoi[177] and Ho Chi Minh City.

Culinary use

Pickled blossoms
Pickled blossoms
A cup of sakurayu
A cup of sakurayu

Cherry blossoms and leaves are edible, and both are used as food ingredients in Japan:

  • The blossoms are pickled in salt and umezu (ume vinegar), and used for coaxing out flavor in wagashi, a traditional Japanese confectionery, or anpan, a Japanese sweet bun most-commonly filled with red bean paste.[178]
  • Salt-pickled blossoms in hot water are called sakurayu and drunk at festive events like weddings in place of green tea.
  • The leaves, mostly from the Ōshima cherry because of the softness, are also pickled in salted water and used for sakuramochi.
  • The fruit, called sakuranbo (桜ん坊), is small and does not have much flesh beyond the seed within. Due to their bitter taste, the sakuranbo are not eaten raw, or whole; the seed inside is removed and the fruit itself processed as preserves.
  • Cherry blossoms are used as a flavoring botanical in Japanese Roku gin.[179]

Since the leaves contain coumarin, which is toxic in large doses, it is not recommended to eat them in great quantities. Likewise, cherry blossom seeds and bark contain amygdalin and should not be eaten.[180][181]

Gallery

  • BC Legislative Building with cherry trees in bloom, Victoria, British Columbia

  • Spring cherry blossoms at the university campus, Vancouver, Canada

  • Cherry Tree Blossoms at Camosun College, Greater Victoria, British Columbia

  • Cherry blossoms at Hamilton, Canada

  • Cherry blossom at Kirsikkapuisto in Helsinki, Finland

  • Cherry blossoms. Eastern Siberia

  • Cherry blossom at Osaka Castle

  • Cherry blossom at Mount Yoshino

  • Cherry blossom, Jinlong Mountain, Taiwan

  • Thousands of people attend the annual National Cherry Blossom Festival every spring in Washington, D.C.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Origins of Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars revealed using nuclear SSR markers". Shuri Kato, Asako Matsumoto, Kensuke Yoshimura, Toshio Katsuki etc.. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260047309. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Origins of Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars revealed using nuclear SSR markers". Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute.. June 16, 2014. https://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/research/saizensen/2014/20140616-01.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Toshio Katsuki (2018). Sakura no Kagaku (Science of Cherry Blossoms), pp. 40–42. SB Creative. ISBN:978-4797389319
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Toshio Katsuki (2015). Sakura, pp. 14–18. Iwanami Shoten. ISBN:978-4004315346
  5. ↑ The history and cultural symbolism of both the seven wild species and the hundreds of forms known for centuries as sato-zakura, or garden cherries and information about growing and propagating is found in Kuitert, Wybe (6 March 2015). "Japanese Flowering Cherries". Timber Press. http://www.issuu.com/jtvr/docs/japanese_flowering_cherries_by_wybe/1. 
  6. ↑ "Are cherry trees native to countries other than Japan?". The Flower Association of Japan. http://www.hananokai.or.jp/sakura/sakuramihonen-faq/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Basic knowledge of cherry blossoms". JAPAN Cherry Blossom Association. http://www.sakuranokai.or.jp/chishiki/index.html. 
  8. ↑ "Studies on the History of the Flowering Cherry.《Journal of Nanjing Forestry University》1982年02期". http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-NJLY198202006.htm. 
  9. ↑ "Wild Himalayan Cherry". https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Wild%20Himalayan%20Cherry.html. 
  10. ↑ Chandran, Divya. "SAKURA MAGIC IN THE NILGIRIS". https://thepapyrus.in/index.php/sakura-magic-in-the-nilgiris-wild-cherry-blossom-pollachi-papyrus/. 
  11. ↑ "Cambridge Dictionary: English Dictionary". Cambridge Dictionary: English Dictionary. 
  12. ↑ Honoca. "The beauty and history of sakura, Japan's national flower". https://www.tsunagujapan.com/the-beauty-and-history-of-sakura-japans-national-flower/. 
  13. ↑ "Oxford English Dictionary". Oxford English Dictionary. September 2023. doi:10.1093/OED/5455638245. 
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  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Toshio Katsuki (2018). Sakura no Kagaku (Science of Cherry Blossoms), pp. 160–161. SB Creative. ISBN:978-4797389319
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  24. ↑ Cherry blossom phenology and temperature reconstructions at Kyoto. Yasuyuki Aono. Osaka Prefecture University.
  25. ↑ "Sakura Matsuri - Cherry Blossom Festival" (in en-AU). https://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/country-nsw/cowra-area/cowra/events/sakura-matsuri-cherry-blossom-festival. 
  26. ↑ "Sydney Cherry Blossom Festival" (in en). https://www.timeout.com/sydney/things-to-do/sydney-cherry-blossom-festival. 
  27. ↑ Brooklyn Botanic Garden (2006). Mizue Sawano: The Art of the Cherry Tree. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-889538-25-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=nHf8lxLOYsUC&q=Hanami+nara&pg=PA12. 
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  40. ↑ "Large Dish with Cherry Blossoms", Asian Art at The Met, 1690–1720s, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/52281 
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  43. ↑ Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s, p. 441. ISBN:0-375-40881-9
  44. ↑ McClain, James L. Japan: A Modern History, p. 427. ISBN:0-393-04156-5
  45. ↑ John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945 p 539 Random House New York 1970
  46. ↑ Meirion and Susie Harries, Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army p 424 ISBN:0-394-56935-0
  47. ↑ Sakamoto, Kerri: One Hundred Million Hearts. Vintage Book, 2004. ISBN:0-676-97512-7.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Ivan Morris, The Nobility of Failure: Tragic Heroes in the History of Japan, p290 Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975
  49. ↑ "Cherry Blossom Tattoo Designs". Freetattoodesigns.org. http://www.freetattoodesigns.org/cherry-blossom-tattoo.html#sakura. 
  50. ↑ "Olympic mascots Miraitowa and Someity invoke the future and cherry trees for 2020 Games". The Japan Times. AFP-JIJI. 22 July 2018. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/07/22/national/tokyo-games-organizers-introduce-mascots-miraitowa-someity-world/. 
  51. ↑ Diller, Nathan (6 April 2020). "Locals Are Getting Their Cherry Blossom Fix In Animal Crossing" (in en). https://dcist.com/story/20/04/06/locals-are-getting-their-cherry-blossom-fix-in-animal-crossing/. 
  52. ↑ "小山市の花、木、鳥". Oyama City. https://www.city.oyama.tochigi.jp/soshiki/3/1559.html. 
  53. ↑ Brandow Samuels, Gayle.
  54. ↑ Variety of cherry blossom. Hibiya-Kadan.
  55. ↑ General Incorporated Association Kitakyushu Ryokka Kyokai.
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  58. ↑ Kato, Shuri; Matsumoto, Asako; Yoshimura, Kensuke; Katsuki, Toshio; Iwamoto, Kojiro; Kawahara, Takayuki; Mukai, Yuzuru; Tsuda, Yoshiaki et al. (2014). "Origins of Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars revealed using nuclear SSR markers". Tree Genetics & Genomes 10 (3): 477–487. doi:10.1007/s11295-014-0697-1. https://link.springer.com/content/esm/art:10.1007/s11295-014-0697-1/file/MediaObjects/11295_2014_697_MOESM5_ESM.pdf. Retrieved 2019-02-11. 
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  65. ↑ Toshio Katsuki. (2015) Sakura. pp.40–45 Iwanami Shoten. ISBN:978-4004315346
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  69. ↑ Nishina Zao. Riken.
  70. ↑ A new kind of cherry blossom. Riken.
  71. ↑ Toshio Katsuki. (2015) Sakura p.107 Iwanami Shoten. ISBN:978-4004315346
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  80. ↑ "Novo colorido em parques e praças" (in pt). Prefeitura de Curitiba. http://www.curitiba.pr.gov.br/noticias/cerejeiras-dao-novo-colorido-a-parques-e-pracas/23547. 
  81. ↑ "Japan Square". Prefeitura de Curitiba. http://www.curitiba.pr.gov.br/idioma/ingles/pracajapao. 
  82. ↑ "Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival – VCBF.CA". vcbf.ca. http://www.vcbf.ca/. 
  83. ↑ "10 Best Places to Enjoy Cherry Blossoms in China" (in en). https://www.careerchina.com/blog/best-places-enjoy-Cherry-Blossoms-in-China. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Nobuhiko Tanaka (2021) Why do Chinese people come to view cherry blossoms? Chinese people rediscovered cherry blossoms through Japan. NEC. March 24, 2021.
  85. ↑ Why Japanese-style cherry blossom viewing and cherry blossom viewing spots are on the rise in China. Diamond online. March 24, 2021
  86. ↑ Wuhan City delegation to learns about cherry blossom management in Hirosaki Park. The Mutsu Shimpo. April 27, 2018.
  87. ↑ China Now (24). Nishinippon Shimbun. April 17, 2017.
  88. ↑ China’s East Lake Cherry Blossom Gaeden sweat and tears of the unsung hero from Aomori. From Aomori in Japan-Local News & Article Site. May 1, 2019.
  89. ↑ Cherry Blossom Spots. p.19.
  90. ↑ Wuxi International Cherry Blossoms Week. Cherry blossoms promote friendship between China and Japan. Agence France-Presse. March 27, 2019
  91. ↑ Landouer, Pierre-Yves. "Parc de Sceaux". http://www.european-trees.com/index.php?page=sceaux.htm&rubrique=photos.  Orchard detail on interactive map
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  93. ↑ Hartmann, Christian (12 April 2019). "Spring in blossom". https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/spring-in-blossom-idUSRTS2EU8W/. 
  94. ↑ ((Newsflare)) (9 April 2022). "Cherry blossoms in full swing in beautiful Paris". https://sg.news.yahoo.com/cherry-blossoms-full-swing-beautiful-140000315.html. 
  95. ↑ "The Sakura Campaign – The State of Berlin". http://stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/stadtgruen/stadtbaeume/en/sakura/index.shtml. 
  96. ↑ "Aktuelles aus der Gesellschaft". Deutsch-Japanische Gesellschaft zu Hamburg e.V.. http://www.djg-hamburg.de/aktuelles.html. 
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 Pāgé, Navendu. "Cerasus cerasoids – Wild Himalayan Cherry". Flowers of India. http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Wild%20Himalayan%20Cherry.html. 
  98. ↑ "efloraofindia species rosaceae prunus". efloraofindia. https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/m---z/r/rosaceae/prunus. 
  99. ↑ Prunus cerasoides by Divya Chandran, 2019 https://thepapyrus.in/index.php/sakura-magic-in-the-nilgiris-wild-cherry-blossom-pollachi-papyrus/
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  101. ↑ "Cherry Blossoms in Shillong". mapsofindia.com. http://www.mapsofindia.com/india-tour/shillong/cherry-blossoms-in-shillong. 
  102. ↑ {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Prunus cerasoides | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?29865 | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 24 January 2014 }}
  103. ↑ Trees In Indian Art Mythology And Folklore, Bansi Lal Malla (2000), p.56
  104. ↑ Joseph, Nino. "Prunus cerasoides D. Don: A Review on Its Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology". International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322797785. 
  105. ↑ Verma, Shruti (13 February 2018). "Celebrating Shivratri the Pahari style". http://www.himvani.com/47766/want-celebrate-shivratri-pahari-way-heres-cheat-sheet/. 
  106. ↑ Jishtu, Vaneet (6 December 2016). "Padmakh (Pajja) – An Amazing Native Autumn Flowering Tree From Shimla Hills". https://hillpost.in/2016/12/padmakh-pajja-an-amazing-native-autumn-flowering-tree-from-shimla-hills/107746/. 
  107. ↑ Banerjee, Ananda (11 November 2016). "Cherry blossom festival". Livemint. https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/GpIviaBFwmmj0HSfL8Sk9N/Lounge-loves-Indias-first-cherry-blossom-festival.html. 
  108. ↑ Kamei, Precious. "Shillong Cherry Blossom Festival". outlookindia. https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/62059/shillong-cherry-blossom-festival. 
  109. ↑ Shahani, Shradha (2 November 2018). "Cherry blossom festival takes place this month". cntraveller. https://www.cntraveller.in/story/indias-cherry-blossom-festival-takes-place-month. 
  110. ↑ "Cherry blossom lures visitors to Cibodas Botanical Garden". 13 January 2018. https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2018/01/15/cherry-blossom-lures-visitors-to-cibodas-botanical-garden.html. 
  111. ↑ "A History of Tripitaka Koreana, the World's Greatest Collection of Buddhist Scriptures". 20 January 2017. https://theculturetrip.com/asia/south-korea/articles/a-history-of-tripitaka-koreana-the-worlds-greatest-collection-of-buddhist-scriptures/. 
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  113. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ko). Joongang. http://www.koreadaily.com/news/read.asp?art_id=917888. 
  114. ↑ Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms. 2002, page 122-3.
  115. ↑ Sung-Un, Choi (2008). "Biting the cherry: Cherry blossoms and their attendant festivals herald the spring in Korea despite associations with a dark chapter with the country's history". IK-Journal. http://www.investkorea.org/InvestKoreaWar/work/journal/content/content_main.jsp?code=4560408. Retrieved 2009-11-30. 
  116. ↑ "전국 봄꽃 축제 어디로 갈까?". Dong-a Ilbo. 23 March 2017. http://www.edudonga.com/?p=article&ps=view&at_no=20170323132751272573&ckattempt=1. 
  117. ↑ "Cherry Blossom" (in ko). http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1713197&cid=42912&categoryId=42912&isPvTop=Y. 
  118. ↑ "포트맥 강변의 왕벚나무도 제주도산". Chosun.com. 7 February 2017. http://pub.chosun.com/client/news/viw.asp?cate=C01&mcate=M1003&nNewsNumb=20170223370&nidx=23371. "두 나라에서 발견된 왕벚나무는 유전적으로 동일합니다[Cherry trees found in both countries are genetically identical]" 
  119. ↑ "왕벚꽃 100년 논란 "제주가 진짜 원산지"". Yonhapnews. 26 March 2017. http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2017/03/24/0200000000AKR20170324174900056.HTML. 
  120. ↑ Kim, Chan-Soo (2009). "Vascular Plant Diversity of Jeju Island, Korea". Korean Journal of Plant Resources 22 (6): 558～570. http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/downfile/volume/prsk/JOSMBA/2009/v22n6/JOSMBA_2009_v22n6_558.pdf. 
  121. ↑ Roh, M.S.; Cheong, E.J.; Choi, I-Y; Young, Y.H. (2007). "Characterization of wild Prunus yedoensis analyzed by inter-simple sequence repeat and chloroplast DNA.". Scientia Horticulturae 114 (2): 121–128. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2007.06.005. 
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  123. ↑ Katsuki, Toshio (December 2016). "Nomenclature of Tokyo cherry (Cerasus × yedoensis 'Somei-yoshino', Rosaceae) and allied interspecific hybrids based on recent advances in population genetics". Taxon 65 (6): 1415–1419. doi:10.12705/656.13. 
  124. ↑ Korean Red List of Threatened Species Second Edition. National Institute of Biological Resources. 2014. p. 156. http://www.nationalredlist.org/files/2016/04/Korean-Red-List-of-Threatened-Species-English-compressed-2.pdf. "Prunus × yedoensis Matsumura, Rosales: Rosaceae, Prunus × yedoensis is a deciduous tree endemic to Korea that only about 5 populations occur at Mt. Halla in Jeju-do. The estimated number of individuals is very small. This species is found in deciduous broadleaf forests at 450–900 m above sea level. The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iv). There are currently no regional conservation measures." 
  125. ↑ "벚꽃 '한-일 원산지 논쟁' 왜 끝나지 않나" (in ko). Hankyoreh. 3 April 2015. http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/environment/685392.html. "여의도와 진해를 포함해 우리나라 벚꽃축제의 주인공은 모두 일본이 원예종 으로 만든 왕벚나무이다. [The protagonists of Cherry Blossom Festivals in Korea including Yeouido and Jinhae are all cultivated Yoshino cherry made in Japan.]" 
  126. ↑ "[단독여의도 화려한 벚꽃뒤엔…일본 검은 속셈 있었나"] (in ko). Segye.com. 22 January 2008. http://www.segye.com/content/html/2006/04/03/20060403000571.html. "... From 1966 until the mid-1980s, Koreans in Japan and Japanese people donated about 60,000 cherry seedlings to Jinhae City." 
  127. ↑ "때되면 한-일 원산지 논쟁, 벚꽃에게 물어봐!". The Hankyoreh. 3 April 2015. http://ecotopia.hani.co.kr/271769. 
  128. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ko). New1 Korea. 6 April 2022. https://news.v.daum.net/v/20220406115612680. 
  129. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ko). Seoul Shinmun. 6 April 2022. https://news.naver.com/main/read.naver?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=081&aid=0003263664. 
  130. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ko). JoongAng Ilbo. 10 April 2022. https://news.naver.com/main/read.naver?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=025&aid=0003186391. 
  131. ↑ "한라산 자생 우수품종 왕벚나무로 일본산 대체한다". Yonhapnews. 4 April 2017. http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2017/04/04/0200000000AKR20170404125000056.HTML. 
  132. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ko). 내일신문. 24 March 2023. http://www.naeil.com/news_view/?id_art=455340. 
  133. ↑ "5 Most Beautiful Myanmar Flowers | Sanctum Inle Resort". http://sanctum-inle-resort.com/5-most-beautiful-myanmar-flowers/. 
  134. ↑ "Pyin Oo Lwin Myanmar's Highland City of Flowers". http://www.pyinoolwin.info/. 
  135. ↑ "Beautiful Weather and cherry blossom season – Review of Maymyo Botanical Garden (National Kandawgyi Park), Pyin Oo Lwin (Maymyo), Myanmar" (in en). http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g580107-d447601-r339660737-Maymyo_Botanical_Garden_National_Kandawgyi_Park-Pyin_Oo_Lwin_Maymyo_Mandalay_Regi.html. 
  136. ↑ "Cherry tree planting ceremony held in Yangon" (in en-US). 2019-01-28. https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/cherry-tree-planting-ceremony-held-in-yangon. 
  137. ↑ 137.0 137.1 "JWC -The Japan Women's Club-". http://jwcamstelveen.web.fc2.com/english.html. 
  138. ↑ "Spring blossoms in Hagley Park Christchurch". New Zealand Travel Insider. 16 August 2015. http://www.newzealandtravelinsider.com/places-to-visit/spring-blossoms-hagley-park-christchurch-new-zealand.htm. 
  139. ↑ Downes, Siobhan (8 May 2022). "Discover Wellington's secret cherry blossom garden". Dominion Post (Stuff/Fairfax). https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/destinations/nz/wellington/300520879/discover-wellingtons-secret-cherry-blossom-garden. Retrieved 1 April 2023. 
  140. ↑ "Valle del Jerte, nature's white". https://www.spain.info/en/discover-spain/jerte-valley-caceres/. 
  141. ↑ "Cerezo en flor 2024". https://www.turismovalledeljerte.com/cerezo-en-flor. 
  142. ↑ "The Alfarnate Cherry Festival". https://www.andalucia.com/festival/festivaldecereza.htm. 
  143. ↑ "Spanish village soaks up Japanese traditions for cherry blossom festival". https://efe.com/en/other-news/2023-04-16/spanish-village-soaks-up-japanese-traditions-for-cherry-blossom-festival/. 
  144. ↑ "Cherry blossom festival in Alfarnate 2023". https://www.andaluciamia.com/en/tours/cherry-blossom-festival-in-alfarnate/. 
  145. ↑ Sui, Celeste (2023-02-21). "Ultimate Taiwan Cherry Blossom Guide — a cheaper and less touristy alternative to catch the flowers in bloom" (in en-US). https://thetravelintern.com/taiwan-cherry-blossoms/. 
  146. ↑ "Northern Thailand's Own Sakura Cherry Blossoms". Siam and Beyond. 11 January 2014. http://siamandbeyond.com/northern-thailands-sakura-cherry-blossoms/. 
  147. ↑ Chandel, V.; Rana, T.; Hallan, V.; Zaidi, A. A. (2007). "Wild Himalayan Cherry (Prunus cerasoides) as a Natural Host of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus in India". Plant Disease 91 (12): 1686. doi:10.1094/PDIS-91-12-1686C. PMID 30780621. 
  148. ↑ Jariyasombat, Peerawat (9 January 2018). "Where cherry blossoms bloom in Thailand". https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/1392798/where-cherry-blossoms-bloom-in-thailand. 
  149. ↑ Karnjanatawe, Karnjana (10 December 2020). "Chase the cherry blossoms in Phu Lom Lo". https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/travel/2033075. 
  150. ↑ "Pink Route: Cherry Blossom in Turkey" (in en-GB). https://www.motleyturkey.com/destination/motley-routes/pink-route-cherry-blossom-in-turkey/. 
  151. ↑ AA, Daily Sabah with (2023-04-07). "Sakura trees: Symbol of Japanese-Turkish amity blossom in Istanbul" (in en-US). https://www.dailysabah.com/turkiye/istanbul/sakura-trees-symbol-of-japanese-turkish-amity-blossom-in-istanbul. 
  152. ↑ Toshio Katsuki. (2018) Sakura no Kagaku (Science of Cherry Blossoms). pp.166–169 SB Creative. ISBN:978-4797389319
  153. ↑ "Batsford Arboretum". Batsarb.co.uk. http://www.batsarb.co.uk. 
  154. ↑ "Keele University Arboretum flowering cherry collection". keele.ac.uk. http://www.keele.ac.uk/arboretum/trees/cherries/. 
  155. ↑ "AGM Plants – Ornamental". Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 67. https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf. 
  156. ↑ Bawden, Tom (2020-03-27). "National Trust asks public to take a moment to enjoy the blossom" (in en). https://inews.co.uk/news/blossomwatch2020-national-trust-appeal-springtime-walks-blossom-412549. 
  157. ↑ "Blossom watch" (in en). https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/places-to-spot-spring-blossom. 
  158. ↑ "Blossom watch day: National Trust urges UK to share blooms" (in en). 2021-04-24. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/24/blossom-watch-day-national-trust-urges-uk-to-share-blooms. 
  159. ↑ Jenkins, Bethan Rose (2021-03-18). "National Trust's BlossomWatch campaign to help boost wellbeing is back" (in en-GB). https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/uk/news/a35873327/national-trust-blossomwatch-campaign/. 
  160. ↑ "The National Trust wants you to go outside and enjoy the spring blossoms" (in en). 2022-04-23. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/spring-blossoms-national-trust-outdoors-b2063371.html. 
  161. ↑ "Whose idea was it to bring cherry blossoms to DC?". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOtz-EIRYWA. 
  162. ↑ "nps.gov – Cherry Blossom History". http://www.nps.gov/cherry/cherry-blossom-history.htm. 
  163. ↑ 163.0 163.1 Jefferson, Roland M. and Alan F. Fusonie. (1977). "The Japanese Flowering Cherry Trees of Washington, D.C.: A Living Symbol of Friendship. National Arboretum Contribution No. 4." Washington: USDA, Agricultural Research Service.
  164. ↑ "The Nation's Greatest Springtime Celebration". National Cherry Blossom Festival. http://www.nationalcherryblossomfestival.org/?id=574. 
  165. ↑ Block, Deborah (12 April 2013). "Spectacular Cherry Blossoms in Maryland Lure International Visitors". VOA. http://www.voanews.com/content/spectacular_cherry_blossoms_in_maryland_lure_international_visitors/1640634.html. 
  166. ↑ "Student scientists track nation's largest collection of cherry blossom trees at Essex County park". The Star-Ledger. 13 August 2010. http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/08/aspiring_scientists_track_coun.html. 
  167. ↑ Hinds, Kate (25 March 2012). "Cherry Blossom Trees Flourish in Newark". WNYC. http://culture.wnyc.org/articles/features/2012/mar/25/newarks-cherry-blossom-trees. 
  168. ↑ Di Ionno, Mark (27 March 2016). "The story behind Branch Brook Park's cherry blossom trees". The Star-Ledger. http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2016/03/the_story_behind_branch_brook_parks_cherry_blossom.html. 
  169. ↑ Barragan, Bianca (2015-10-01). "Lake Balboa's Famous Cherry Blossom Trees Are Dying Off" (in en). https://la.curbed.com/2015/10/1/9915438/lake-balboas-famous-cherry-blossom-trees-are-dying-off. 
  170. ↑ "Lake Balboa's cherry trees fall victim to drought" (in en-US). 2015-09-30. http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20150930/lake-balboas-cherry-trees-fall-victim-to-drought. 
  171. ↑ "Stunning Cherry Blossom at University of Washington Quad" (in en-US). https://www.thatsoundsawesome.com/listing/the-quad-uw-cherry-blossoms/. 
  172. ↑ "Where to Find Portland Cherry Blossoms". 8 December 2023. https://www.travelportland.com/attractions/cherry-blossoms/. 
  173. ↑ "BBG.org". BBG.org. 26 April 2008. http://www.bbg.org/exp/cherries/sakura.html. 
  174. ↑ Seacord, Stephanie. "Cherry trees have historical significance". SeacoastOnline.com. http://www.seacoastonline.com/articles/20100415-NEWS-4150431. 
  175. ↑ "Ohio University Outlook". Ohio.edu. http://www.ohio.edu/outlook/07-08/April/434.cfm. 
  176. ↑ "Có một công viên hoa anh đào ở Hà Nội" (in vi). 2019-08-29. https://tienphong.vn/post-1133887.tpo. 
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  178. ↑ "Preserved Cherry Blossoms and Sakura Vinegar" (in en-CA). 2020-05-01. https://www.diversivore.com/preserved-cherry-blossoms/. 
  179. ↑ "Bartenders' guide to foraging: Cherry blossom" (in en). https://www.diffordsguide.com/encyclopedia/1651/cocktails/bartenders-guide-to-foraging-cherry-blossom. 
  180. ↑ Bricault, Robert (13 March 2017). "Cherry blossom toxicity? #388219". https://ask2.extension.org/kb/faq.php?id=388219. 
  181. ↑ Mekonnen, Serkalem. "I Swallowed A Cherry Pit!". https://www.poison.org/articles/i-swallowed-a-cherry-pit-184. 

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